{"id":3840,"date":"2022-05-06T11:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-06T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/?p=3840"},"modified":"2022-04-26T05:42:19","modified_gmt":"2022-04-26T10:42:19","slug":"alexander-bonkalo-a-hungarian-linguist-of-rusyn-descent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/2022\/05\/06\/alexander-bonkalo-a-hungarian-linguist-of-rusyn-descent\/","title":{"rendered":"Alexander Bonkalo, a Hungarian Linguist of Rusyn Descent"},"content":{"rendered":"

For the first time, I heard of Alexander Bonkalo from Aunt Margareta (Gita), my Mom\u2019s cousin\u2019s wife. Her maiden family name also was Bonkalo; she was born in Vekyky Bychkiv (Nagybocsk\u00f3) a year after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, and Alexander Bonkalo was her uncle. Aunt Gita used to recall the family legend about their French ancestor who had come to the Carpathian Highlands (during the Napoleonic Wars?), got married and settled there, among the Ruthenians\/Hutsuls, and got the nickname which later became the family name owing to frequent repeating the French word bon<\/em> (-kalo<\/em> is a suffix used in Ukrainian and Rusyn to denote a person that usually does the action shown in the root of the word, for instance, hoikalo (\u0433\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e) = he who shouts (\u0442\u043e\u0442, \u0448\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c), <\/em>although the lexicologist Pavlo Chuchka in his <\/em>dictionary Family Names of Transcarpathian Ukrainians <\/em>(available on our archive<\/a>) asserts that \u2018o<\/em>\u2019 in the family name Bonkalo<\/em> is in fact a broad pronunciation of \u2018\u044b<\/em>\u2019 in bynkalo<\/em> (\u0411\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u2190 \u0411\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e) which, in its turn, means \u2018a bell hung on a sheep or a cow<\/em>.\u2019 Well, apart from being proud of her legendary French great-grandfather, Aunt Gita liked to recall another member of her family \u2013 and this time it was a real person, Alexander Bonkalo, a renowned Rusyn linguist and researcher of the ethnography and the idiom of the Hutsuls, literary critic and translator, known in Hungary as S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before proceeding to his biography, I would like to mention that during the Soviet time, his name had for a long time been withdrawn from academic circulation, mainly due to his adherence to the notion of the \u2018Magyar Orosz<\/a>,\u2019 i.e. Hungarian Ruthenian ethnos, historically and culturally close to Hungarians and politically loyal to the Hungarian state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alexander Bonkalo was born on January 22, 1880 in Rakhiv<\/a>\/Rah\u00f3, Maramorosh\/Maramoros County, Austria-Hungary. This town was and remains the centre of Subcarpathian Hutsuls (the rest of this sub-ethnic group of historical Rusyns that now identify themselves with Ukrainians live across the Carpathian overpasses \u2013 in Halychyna\/Galicia). He studied at Ungv\u00e1r\/Uzhhorod Piarists\u2019 Gymnasium School and Greek Catholic Seminary (in many Rusyn families, it was a tradition to send the eldest son to study for priesthood). In 1906, he graduated from the Latin, German and Slavic Department of P\u00e9ter P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny University in Budapest; then he continued his education at Leipzig and St. Petersburg Universities (in the latter, he was a disciple of the famous linguists Aleksey Shakhmatov and Jan Baudouin de Courtenay). Until 1916, S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 worked as a teacher in several Hungarian cities and towns. Meanwhile, he acquired the qualification of a tutor of Russian language and literature and a PhD degree in Slavonic Studies. In 1919, he became a lecturer in the newly-established Department of the Rusyn Language and Literature at P\u00e9ter P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny University, where he worked until the dissolution of the Department in 1924. S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 served as an expert on the Rusyn issue during the short period of the autonomous Ruska Krajina (1918\u20131919), proclaimed by the First Hungarian Republic after the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy<\/a>. In 1920, he continued to work as a Rusyn expert for the Hungarian delegation for the Peace Treaty in Paris. From 1924 to 1939, he worked as a teacher of Russian commercial correspondence at the Commercial Academy in Budapest. From 1939 to 1944, S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 edited the Druzhestvo<\/em>, the official magazine of the National Central Credit Cooperative issued in Rusyn.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For a short period of time after the end of WWII, S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 worked as a lecturer of Ukrainian language and literature at P\u00e9ter P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny University (he also taught History of Russian Literature and Russian Folklore), but soon he was dismissed by the demand of the Soviet Control Commission for his alleged \u2018contemptuous references to the Soviet Union and its rulers.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3\u2019s academic interests were focused on Rusyn, Ukrainian and Russian languages and literature. He authored the two-volume History of Russian Literature (1924), was a co-editor of the World Literature Classics series (1925\u20131938), and reviewed pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russian writers. In newspaper articles, he criticized the anti-religious policy of the USSR and the newly-appeared Stalinism. S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 translated the works of Leo Tolstoy and Dostoevsky into Hungarian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A vast part of S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3\u2019s creative legacy was devoted to the language, ethnography and culture of his native people \u2013 Rusyns. Let us mention some of his works on this theme (all the works were written in Hungarian unless otherwise stated): <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Descriptive Phonetics of Rakhiv Little Russian Dialect <\/em>(1910), a dissertation<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hutsul Folk Tale <\/em>(1911). In this article, the author explained the need to study Hutsuls because \u201cthey are an interesting folk which differs from other Little Russians not only in appearance and customs but also in the language; besides, no one has studied the Hutsuls\u2019 language so far.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russophile Agitation and Rusyn Issue <\/em>(1912)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To the Issue of Russian\/Great Russian and Rusyn\/Little Russian or Ukrainian Literary Languages <\/em>(1925) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On Ukrainian Word Research<\/em> (in German; 1916)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Hungarian Ruthenians <\/em>(in German; 1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subcarpathian Ruthenian Literature and Culture <\/em>(1935) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusyn Literary Language <\/em>(1941)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Russian Literary Language <\/em>(in Russian; 1941) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

His book The Ruthenians\/Rusyns <\/em>(1940; translated into English by his son, Erwin Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3, and published in New York as The Rusyns <\/em>in 1990) is worth special attention. In it, the author provided his personal interpretation of the history of the Rusyn people; determined the area inhabited by Rusyns (from Poprad in the west to the upstream of the Tysa\/Tisza River in the east); classified the Rusyn sub-ethnic groups as Dolyshniaky <\/em>(\u2018People of the Valleys\u2019), Verkhovyntsi <\/em>(\u2018Highlanders\u2019), Hutsuls, Boikos <\/em>and Lemkos<\/em>; wrote about Rusyn culture, customs, literature and folklore, the political and economic situation in the Rusyn lands, and the history of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox denominations among the Rusyns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3\u2019s views were erroneous, but his linguistic observations have remained valuable until now. He described Hutsuls as \u201cthe smallest and the most valuable Rusyn tribe\u201d that arrived at Subcarpathia from Galicia and Bukovyna in the 16th<\/sup> \u2013 19th<\/sup> centuries; Hutsuls\u2019 language and everyday life significantly differ from those of other Slavic peoples \u2013 partly due to their geographic location, and partly due to the long cohabitation with Romanians and Hungarians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I would like to mention here one of the distinctive features of the Hutsul idiom described by S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 that has survived until now. It is the abbreviated form of the Vocative case: br\u00e1<\/em> instead of br\u00e1te <\/em>(\u2018hey, brother!\u2019); chl\u00f3<\/em> instead of chl\u00f3pe<\/em> (hey, man!); Yv\u00e1<\/em> instead of Yv\u00e1ne<\/em>; Pe<\/em> instead of Petre<\/em>. Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 explained this shortened form of address by the fact that Hutsuls lived at big distances from one another and their communication was organised by shouting from one hill or valley to a neighbouring hill or valley, and then only the stressed syllables would be heard by the addressee of such communication (compare with the trembita<\/em>, a long wooden trumpet that had primarily been used as the only means of communication between the shepherd pasturing sheep high in the alpine lawns, polonynas<\/em>, and the village, and as the announcer of a birth, a wedding or a death for the neighbours).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 was among those linguists who denied the previously widely spread opinion that Rusyn and Ukrainian were only dialects of the Great Russian language. He substantiated the genetic affinity between Subcarpathian Rusyns and Little Russians \/ Ukrainians, although, in his opinion, due to the geographic (and political) factors the former had not had connections with the latter for centuries, which is why the Subcarpathian literature had many peculiarities of its own. Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 criticised the publications of Subcarpathian Russophiles, asserting that those were using too many Russian words which Rusyns did not understand, and demanding that newspapers and books should be written in the \u2018folk language.\u2019 In his article distinguished with an award of the Leipzig University (1916), Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 wrote that the Rusyn language had about 2,000 Hungarian lexical borrowings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the document dated February 1946 (found by the contemporary Hungarian researcher Attila Salga), S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 announced his academic plans: 1) to reveal Hungarian borrowings in written documents, fiction literature, and in Subcarpathian, Galician and Bukovynan dialects; 2) to write a history of Ukrainian literature; 3) to analyse the Rusyn notes written on the margins of Old Slavonic texts of the prayer books and lessons (passages from sacred writings) archived by the Hungarian National Museum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e1ndor Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 died in 1959 in Budapest. He is buried at Farkasr\u00e9t Cemetery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erwin Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3, a son of Alexander Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 and the English translator of his book The Rusyns<\/em>, wrote in his father\u2019s Biography <\/em>published as the preface to this book that Alexander Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 had been an apolitical personality, whose biggest desire had been to protect his native Rusyn language and culture. However, his personal view was that the survival of these people was possible only within the borders of Hungary rather than in some Slav state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Sources: <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0404. \u0411\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c. \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0411\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438. Studia Slavica Hung. 63\/1 (2018) 9\u201318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 S\u00e1ndor. A ruszinok. Budapest, 1940.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erwin Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3. Biography of Alexander Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 \/\/ Alexander Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3. The Rusyns. Translated by Erwin Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3. \u2013 Columbia University Press, NY 1990. p. XI\u2013XVIII.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A short article on the life and work of Rusyn-Hungarian linguist Alexander Bonkalo.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":3849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"nf_dc_page":"","iawp_total_views":36,"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[17,79,197,9],"class_list":["post-3840","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-culture","tag-history","tag-hungary","tag-rusyn"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAlexander Bonkalo, a Hungarian Linguist of Rusyn Descent<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A short article on the life and work of Rusyn-Hungarian linguist Alexander Bonkalo.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.","url":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/author\/vladimirpukish\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3840"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3853,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3840\/revisions\/3853"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3840"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3840"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rul\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3840"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}