{"id":4028,"date":"2022-05-18T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-18T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/?p=4028"},"modified":"2022-05-18T12:14:54","modified_gmt":"2022-05-18T17:14:54","slug":"oreszt-szabo-promoter-of-ruszka-krajna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/2022\/05\/18\/oreszt-szabo-promoter-of-ruszka-krajna\/","title":{"rendered":"Oreszt Szab\u00f3, Promoter of Ruszka Krajna, an Unsuccessful Attempt of Rusyn Autonomy in Hungary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">While preparing my <a href=\"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/2022\/05\/06\/alexander-bonkalo-a-hungarian-linguist-of-rusyn-descent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">previous article<\/a> about the Rusyn linguist Alexander Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3 who had been buried in the Farkasr\u00e9ti Cemetery in Budapest (by the way, quite an interesting name of the place, meaning <em>\u2018Wolf\u2019s Meadow\u2019<\/em>), I looked for some other Rusyn figures that may have been buried there. One of them was <strong>Oreszt Szab\u00f3<\/strong> (1867\u20131939?), a native of K\u00f6vesliget (now Drahovo in Subcarpathia, Ukraine) and Government Plenipotent and Minister of Ruszka Krajna (1918\u20131919), an unsuccessful attempt of the first Hungarian Republican Government appointed after the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to establish autonomy for the Magyar Orosz (Hungarian Russian, i.e. Carpatho-Rusyn) people. Regretfully, neither Bonk\u00e1l\u00f3\u2019s nor Szab\u00f3\u2019s graves have survived; they are mentioned on the Cemetery\u2019s list of selected lost graves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before proceeding to Ruszka Krajna, it is worth touching upon the very word <em>krajna, <\/em>or <em>krajina<\/em>. It has been widely used in the Slavonic world: say, Krajna (Krajina; in Latin \u2013 Carniola) was the historic name of a greater part of today\u2019s Slovenia; Srpska Krajina was the name of the self-proclaimed Serbian state that functioned within the newly independent Croatia in 1991\u20131995; and as a generic term, it means \u2018state,\u2019 \u2018country,\u2019 \u2018land\u2019 in many Slavonic languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But let us go back to the end of 1918, when a bunch of ethnic states were appearing in the ruins of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. As for Hungary itself, after the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aster_Revolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Aster Revolution<\/a>, it was proclaimed a democratic republic, with <strong>Count Mih\u00e1ly K\u00e1rolyi<\/strong> serving as its first Prime Minister (November 1918 \u2013 January 1919) and Provisional President (November 1918 \u2013 March 1919). K\u00e1rolyi supported the doctrine based on ideas of the social-democrat <strong>Oszk\u00e1r J\u00e1szi<\/strong> that provided for Hungary\u2019s reconciliation with all non-Magyar ethnic groups populating it and granting them concessions in the cultural sphere. According to the literary sources, it was partly owing to Oreszt Szab\u00f3 who worked as the Ministry of Interior\u2019s Secretary that the new Hungarian government came to an agreement with the Ruthenian minority and decided to grant them \u201cterritorial autonomy in exchange for their loyalty [to the Hungarian State] on the Swiss model.\u201d But the time had been lost for Hungary \u2013 all the non-Magyar nations had approved of joining Czechoslovakia (including the Rusyn-inhabited lands owing to the efforts of the American Rusyns), Romania, and Yugoslavia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oreszt Szab\u00f3 received a lawyer\u2019s diploma at Budapest University; then he worked as a secretary for the Bereg Provincial Administration. In 1902, Oreszt Szab\u00f3 became the head of the Association of Hungarian Greek Catholics. On December 1, 1918 he was nominated Government Plenipotent for the \u2018to-be-proclaimed\u2019 autonomous Ruszka Krajna, and on December 29 he was promoted to the post of Minister.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On December 10, 1918, a meeting of Ruthenian representatives of various political views was scheduled in Budapest. The delegates came to the country\u2019s capital by a special train. The chroniclers wrote that the majority of the delegates favored secession of the Rusyn lands from Hungary. Still, the autonomous region of Ruszka Krajna was proclaimed de jure some ten days after that tumultuous meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ruszka Krajna was being formed in Hungary\u2019s north-eastern provinces of Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and M\u00e1ramaros. It was in December 1919 that the native Slavonic people of these lands were for the first time called <em>ruszin<\/em> (Rusyns), not <em>rut\u00e9n <\/em>(Ruthenians). The Rusyn Ministry was located in Budapest, and the Regency was established in Munk\u00e1cs (Mukachevo), where \u00c1goston Stef\u00e1n, a Rah\u00f3 (Rakhiv) born lawyer started settling issues regarding the future governor\u2019s post.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, the Czechoslovakian troops invaded Ungv\u00e1r (Uzhhorod) in January 1919; the Romanian army was advancing into the eastern areas inhabited by Rusyns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then, in March 1919, the Hungarian Soviet (Council) Republic was proclaimed. Oreszt Szab\u00f3 was offered the post of the Head of the Rusyn People\u2019s Committee, but he declined it and resigned from the ministerial position. Instead, he returned to Ruthenia (Subcarpathia) to found the Ruthenian People\u2019s Commissariat, but the communists dissolved this institution. Since then, Oreszt Szab\u00f3 did not take active part in the political life. Instead, \u00c1goston Stef\u00e1n became the Ruthenian People\u2019s Commissar and obtained a post on the Revolutionary Board of Governors. Two armed formations were established: the Ruthenian Red Guard and the Ruthenian Red Watch. But because of the Czechoslovakian and Romanian military presence, the Soviet Republic in Ruthenia lasted for only forty days (its central bodies in Budapest worked for 133 days) \u2013 so lasted the autonomous Ruszka Krajna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Rusyn-inhabited lands beneath the Carpathian Mountains became part of the Czechoslovakian Republic for the following two decades. In one of his 1938 letters J\u00e1szi reported that the Ruthenian autonomy had rather a moral significance than a practical one. From a century\u2019s perspective, it seems the laws on the Ruthenian autonomy were most significant from the point of view of the foreign policy of the Hungarian Democratic Republic. They tried to prove to the Entente their good intentions towards nations, however, there was little chance of their practical realization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The contemporary Subcarpathian historian <strong>Imre Szak\u00e1l<\/strong> writes: \u201cA less known fact is that \u00c1goston Stef\u00e1n headed a small group in Warsaw, Poland and established Ruszka Krajna\u2019s emigrant Board of Governors. Apart from the fact that they cooperated with Hungary-friendly Slovak emigration, reported to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, and tried to form a Ruthenian legion, they had few results to boast of. Their bravest action was in 1920 when their military group tried to take back from Czechoslovakia Hungary\u2019s administrative unit called Podkarpatsk\u00e1 Rus. It is well-known to have been unsuccessful.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reverting back to Oreszt Szab\u00f3, it is worth mentioning his book entitled \u201cAbout the Hungarian Russians ([aka] Ruthenians)\u201d published in Budapest in 1913. It was one of the first revelations of the Rusyn ethnos for the Hungarian public. In his book, the author described the sub-ethnic division and the habitation of the Rusyn people and provided information about their education, literature, and art (he even writes about the place of Lajos Kossuth, the leader of the 1848\u20131849 Hungarian Revolution, in Rusyn folk poetry in a separate chapter), religious and household life (dwelling, clothing, public health, etc.), birth, wedding and funeral customs, economic conditions in the Rusyn lands, and such \u2018contemporary problems\u2019 as that of the difference between Julian and Gregorian calendars, Orthodox movement among the predominantly Greek Catholic Rusyn population, and the impact of the Rusyn emigration to America. As one can see it, some of the problems raised by Oreszt Szab\u00f3 over a century ago have not lost their relevance until now.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The terminology used by Szab\u00f3 helps us understand his views on the Rusyn people and their affiliation. Here is a quotation from the first chapter of the book:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cHungarian Russians belong to the large family of Northern Slavs whose branch known as Little Russians reside in South Russia, Galicia, Bukovyna, and Moldova totaling in number to about 33 million persons. Since ancient time until nowadays, both domestic and foreign historians have been calling this people as Little Russians, or Ruthenians, though starting from the Turkish conquest the name of Hungarian Russians have also survived.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe fact is that people call themselves <em>Rusyns<\/em> or <em>Little Russians<\/em>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe Little Russians hold themselves as people of the most ancient Slav origin and the cleanest Slav blood; they derive their name from the Rus tribe, which is why a Little Russian would call a Big Russian whose people have from olden time been mixed with Tatar and Chude blood, a Maskal or Muszka (= Muscovite), and the former always wants to differentiate himself from the latter.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe Hungarian language and history also feels this differentiation. In general, Big Russians have always been referred to only as Muszk\u00e1k in the Hungarian language use and the Hungarian literature of the 16<sup>th<\/sup> \u2013 19<sup>th<\/sup> centuries.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A short piece on the Oreszt Szab\u00f3 and the unsuccessful attempt of Rusyn autonomy in Hungary.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4030,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"nf_dc_page":"","iawp_total_views":37,"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[79,197,242,241,243],"class_list":["post-4028","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history","tag-history","tag-hungary","tag-oreszt-szabo","tag-rusyn-autonomy","tag-ruszka-krajna"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ 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\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.","url":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/author\/vladimirpukish\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4028"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4028\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4058,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4028\/revisions\/4058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4028"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rusynsociety.com\/rue\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}